Artifacts of R Buckminster Fuller

Volume Two: Dymaxion Deployment, 1927-1946

James Ward (Editor)

Garland Publishing, Inc. | New York and London

ISBN:

ISBN-10: 0-8240-5083-5

Updated: 2024-04-21 00:21

Copyright © 1985

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.

ENCODED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Contents

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THE ARTIFACTS OF

R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER

A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings in Four Volumes

Edited with descriptions by James Ward

A Garland Series

Contents of the Set

Volume One. The Dymaxion Experiment, 1926---1943

Volume Two. Dymaxion Deployment, 1927---1946

Volume Three. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 1947---1959

Volume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960---1983

THE ARTIFACTS OF

R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER

Volume Two: Dymaxion Deployment, 1927---1946

Edited with descriptions by James Ward

Garland Publishing, Inc.

New York and London 1985

ABOUT THE EDITOR

James Ward is presently a visiting professor al Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. He studied engineering as an undergraduate and received his Ph.D. in the history of art from the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University. His dissertation was on Le Corbusier's villa, Les Terrasses.

He has published articles on early modern architecture in Europe and has compiled a director)’ of New York architects before World War II.

Copyright © 1984 by the Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Fuller. R. Buckminster (Richard Buckminster). 1895-

The artifacts of R. Buckminster Fuller.

Includes bibliographies.

Contents: v. 1. The Dymaxion experiment, 1926-1943---

v. 2. Dymaxion deployment. 1927-1946---v. 3. The

geodesic revolution, part 1. 1947---1959---[etc. ]

1. Engineering design---Collected works. 2. Fuller.

R. Buckminster (Richard Buckminster). 1895- ---

collected works. I. Ward. James. II. Title.

TA174.F86 1984 620'.00425 84-21039

ISBN 0-8240-5083-5 Iv. 2: alk paper)

Book design by Jonathan Billing

Tlie volumes in this series have been printed on acid-free 250-year-life paper.

Printer! in the United States of America

Contents

The Dymaxion Bathroom, 1927---1938 1

The Dymaxion Bathroom 3

Early Version, 1927---1931 4

Final Version, 1936---1938 7

The Dymaxion Deployment Unit, 1940-1941 53

The Dymaxion Deployment Unit 55

The Deployment Book, 1940 61

The Dymaxion Deployment Unit (Sheet)--- Patent Filed 3/21/41, Granted 3/7/44 76

The Dymaxion Deployment Unit (Frame)--- Patent Filed 4/9/41, Granted 6/13/44 94

The Wichita House, 1944---1946 107

The Dymaxion Dwelling Machine---The Wichita House 109

Standard Version, 1945---1946 112

Airbarac Version, 1946 270

Theink and toilet. Stepping over a low partition, the occupant of this facility would then find himself in the bathtub-shower, the collected water of which could be lit dramatically from below. Although the bathroom was fabricated of burnished sheet metal with enameled areas above, its inevitable metallic echoes were dulled by epoxy resin applied to the outer surfaces. Fuller hoped to eliminate the sound problem entirely with the eventual production of this 420-pound bathroom in a much lighter, and equally durable, plastic.

1927-1931

THE NEWEST

THUD

O

SNAP

U

su

an

The range of uses for the unit is broad: p . ----ii i __C3 ]_r j_act, M_r. Fuller hop

. e renters tia,,install cooies ii .... All of which lies in the real the device will probably induce fewer ord conversations; None the fact remains tha cated bathroom c commercial reality i its predecessors.

The Integrated Ba sisls roughly of two obl< tions that form a oartitioi they join which c piping and other mecna ection

IS ALSO NEAREST

Architect Fuller has assigne

PRESTO!

the 29th floor ot 40 Wall St. there sits the finished model of a new plumb fixture that might well bug the eyes ot any bystanding master plumber a fixture that to all intents and purposes constitutes a one-piece bathroom Designed by Architect Buckmister fuller Dymaxion House. Dymaxion Car it "a plishes. bv the simple connection of four basic parts a complete bathroom wpighin 404 pounds, with integral lavatory, toilet and bath. First known .as. the 'Bi^ye b Five because that's the space it takes up . the oilicial designation is now tegrated Bath

In the research departmen' of the Phelps Dodge Corporation moderate production (100 units in 1937. e..»------1._»»^..

to the PD organization and rumor discerns a new manufacturing and mark sidiary in the immediate offing. planes, trailers, trains, but mainly small homes, compact, complete bathroom will even inspire ments. and remove them when they move. , lation. For the immediate future t

Tne toilet, though reminiscent of the o'd backyard one holer is fully sanitarv. The seat lifts and remain upright by compression aga rs' the walls. Undernea'h is a -.'endard form of bowl 'though chrome nickel bowls arc also ava fable .

v. id in collaboration with a local master plumber, copper tubing be ng us< d for wale: lir.es. Particular . are was used to avoid back - .phonage possibilities. Sliding doors conserve space. The meta!!. finish has a hamr ered apoearance while at the same

a moromelal stamping are each split in the middle, the top being aluminum and the bottom 272 oounds of sheet copper unmelalfized and tinted by a coa'ing of silver, tin and antimony alloy The bottom of one section is the lavatory and toilet, of the other a flat bottomed tub.

Two men can handle an installation in three hours, for al! piping except a mmimum amount of onnection materia! r. in tegra! with the unit. So are electric connections ventilation equipment. etc. Fresh air is drawn by a motor under the lava lory from the nearest room and exhausted wherever circum stances permit.

M rellcneous features: A composition V-netian blind gives privacy to the oather. and. while permitting the escape of steam, prevents the escape of water. The doo- name between the two

■ t o- -.x inches thick, permitting use as seat. Complete -learning of tub is easily attained. *ne plumbing layout was de time being thoroughly sanitary, the inventor claims Under sur fa - of the base me'ul are covered with Dum dum. a sound d>a : .ng material. An ele r.- healing system between -the two units warm- the metal itself radiating heat to occ ipant of bath room Removable panels p-rp.it access to plumbing traps and convections u-.der toilet and lavatory.

Final

Version 1936-1938

Nov. 5, 1940.

2,220,482

7 Sho«t»-Sbo«t 1

Noy. 5, 1940.

It B. FULLER

FBTPABRICATED BATHROOM

FU«d May 12. 1338

2,220,482

ft a FULLER raBTASSICATO BATHROOM FUod Kay 12. 1333

FIG. 2.

Not. 5, 1940. , . y r. b. fuller 2,220,482

_t I'; ruruaicATcD unxoca ^m,<) la. 19M T 5

. 5, 1940.

2220.482

R. a FULLER nXFABRICATED BATHROOM

Nov. 5, 1940. r. b. fuller 2,220,482

PREFABRICATED BATHROOM Filed May 12, 1938 7 Sheets-Sheet 7

List of Figures

List of Tables

THE DYMAXION BATHROOM

18 THE DYMAXION BATHROOM

20 THE DYMAX1ON BATHROOM

■

^a*. -

■

/6TJ3

34 THE DYMAXION BATHROOM

•. II

GA f/*£ $.'/>.£ _ _

--- ...

PHELPS DODGE CORP.

RESEARCH DEPT.

HILE

*’INDU« , 1,1 rht Drue. "3-157 3-3-37

DESlC.ii'J'oY"

‘‘drawn by-

X >¥■ A/.

SCALE-
fl/AJ. 5/7^

UA._ ' AZ>PZ?.3./93?

DRAW. NO. i

The Dymaxion Deployment Unit 1940--1941

The Dymaxion Deployment Unit is a house that furthered Fuller’s belief in the importance of a domestic standard that could be mass-produced. However, it also indicated his willingness to accommodate the realities of the contemporary American housing industry. This brilliant compromise entailed the transformation of the Butler Manufacturing Company’s standard corrugated steel silo into an original industrial housing type. Fuller suggested that his employment of a form that was already a great success industrially might eliminate any opposition to his radical housing design that could be based on economics alone. His emphasis on mass production, and his contempt for aesthetic considerations are what made his project unique.

The

Dymaxion

Deployment Unit

The Deployment Unit owed both its success and demise to World War II. Hundreds of these inexpensive dwellings were delivered by airplane to the Persian Gulf, where they served admirably as shelter for troops. But low cost (SI,250) and easy transport were less important ultimately than the scarcity of metal, bringing to an early end Fuller’s most feasible housing idea.

61

ALL THE EGGS

INTO MILLIONS OF BASKETS

Wide, swift---shifting, illusibnary deployment realized in the shortest time interval, of all physical production factors, personnel, machinery, material, prime movers; constitutes the initial tactic of a winning defensive department

in overhead combat

Deployment is dependent upon construction facility. Largest single class of total 'U.S.A, construction (1914-41 average) is "dwelling units", comprising almost an equal amount of production to all the other classes combined. '

The combined "others" include highway and railway building, their bridges and tunnels; all public utilities; docks and harbors; all designed changes in the earths surface such as dams and soil conservation (exclusive of agriculture); all park and other recreation facilities;---as well as obvious categories of building;---together with maintenance and improvement of all the above, federal, state, county, industrial and private, and including all relief expenditure for construction.

Indeed dvrelling units comprise 25% of all heavy industry expenditure of the United States (1914-41 average). Heavy industry includes all

Q

rolling stocky shipbuilding, and machinery as well as construction.

"Dwelling Units" then, transient or year-round, mobile or stationary, constitute by far the largest single category of successful defense deployment. Let us quickly survey the vital statistics of "dwellings’’. !

There are now 30,000,000 more people in the United States than in 1914---that is about 6,000,000 more families. There are now half a billion more people in the world than there were in 1914-that is about 100,000,000 more families.

The United States, most productive post-war nation, has since 1914 built 7,500,000 new dwelling units. This might seemingly constitute an excess. But---meanwhile 11,500,000 of its dwelling units have been lost by catastrophy or through complete obsolesence.

There exists, therefore, in the most modern of nations a 10,000,000 "actual" dwelling unit shortage (not including "potential" shortage of nine million units of sub-decency standard still perforce occupied) and probably a half billion world dwelling unit shortage if appraised on contemporary U.S.A, "decency" standards.

The 10,000,000 dwelling unit "actual’’ U.S.A, shortage is inefficiently adjusted for by doubling up,---by newly-marrieds living with parents, or by parents and relations living with for-some-time marrieds, or by temporary existence in sub-standard quarters. This compromise constitutes a condition tenable only under depressed inertia of "peace time" conditions. It also constitutes one major cause of world upheaval into "wartime"'conditions »

Successful defensive tactics therefore involve undoubling for effective deployment to decentralized production as well as martial bases. The actual shortage as well as a large portion of the potential shortage of dwelling units becomes, under war conditions, a stark No. 1 problem.

Can the "dwelling unit" construction industry meet this problem?

All time record dwelling unit construction in the U.S.A. was in 1925 ---894,000units---the crafts, then still abundantly skilled by traditional apprenticeship, were nevertheless stressed to the limit of their productivity. Sixteen years interim construction depression has depleted the skilled ranks of that building business, an activity so utterly inefficient, by contemporary industrial standards, that it has only been kept from complete colapse by ten billions dollars of federal underwriting. So- called private construction activity has gone forward since 1933 only because of federal mortgage guarantee to the Issueing private lender.

Though now backed by billions more of federal defense funds most optimistic estimates of the builders promise only 575,000 dwelling units for 1941, all barracks and temporary shelters included. Even if realized this figure represents but 6% of the immediate "actual" necessity and 3.89$ of the combined "actual" and "potential", immediate defense requirement in the U.S.A, alone, whose population inturn represents but 7% of the now thoroughly uprooted world population. Uprooted man will not approach lasting peaceways until this housing problem is well along towards solution

To this now vital requirement craft building is obviously inadequate,- irrespective of its possible virtues or demerits as a product.

In the last decade a possible total of a million timid and compromising dollars have toyed with "prefabrication" schemes, more for protection of business position than for faith in well earned success. None of these schemes has bettered 2000 units a year.- They total well under ten thousand units in the decade. Possibly a score of such schemes are now being groomed for defense orders of which not one has been tooled up to a degree bordering on "Mass Production" _wNone are simple efficient automatic

■ tool products. All weigh many tons, where one ton of material is too much..

AN OUT

There exists a "going" operation now employed for other purposes which may be converted, with a minimum of ingenuity, to provide an immediate solution of the problem,---albeit distinctly humble ,but potential of progressive refinement, as production is amplified, gradually developing to standards for beyond the reach of "best" craft design.

The solution consists of employment of light sheet steel in its most efficient design form, i.e. curved;---involves only conversion of galvanized

*

(or painted) steel grain bins, which encompass not only ample volume of space for ready adaptation to dwelling units---but also the maximum cubage mathmatically possible of enclosure for dwelling purposes with the least possible material.

Granted we admit, even if grudgingly, that this homely adaptation is feasible, it is then to be noted that 100,000 units can be delivered within the next six months and 100,000 a month thereafter (including all necessary dwelling adaptation changes) from one plant already tooled-up and now available.

A Typical Galvanized Steel GRAIN BIN

With steel flooring this container is proof against fire, rodents and moisture. Its ventilator draws the excess moisture from grains such as corn, reducing the weight of the corn by 30$. Bins such as this thirty years old are still in good condition. The bin shown is 8 feet high and 10 feet in diameter. They are made in diameters up to 20 feet_o In August 1939 the U.S. Government in its ⁿEver Normal Grainery" program ordered and received in sixty days twenty thousand 18 foot by 11 foot units and thus saved a super-bumper corn crop.

But the bin looks pretty crude as a house? Let us see what a little adaptation such as that which converts a truck into a station wagon may do.

DYMAXION DEPLOYMENT UNIT 1941 Model

Here is a 20 foot diameter by 8 foot high bin conversion. It involves few basic manufacturing changes. All changes have been arranged for mass production. Excavating a circle 20 feet in diameter to a depth of one foot provides enough earth to enbank walls to 5j feet. The Dymaxion Deployment Unit is water tight at bottom thus making this method of obtaining insulation feasible---round houses retain interior temperatures 200% more efficiently than cubical houses. The round house also is the perfect shape for efficient air conditioning and for radiant heating. This unit is ventilated for nine occupants,---the roof panels open up like petals,---and are snap-locked to flying ring. Ring may also support camouflage netting or shading screen. Translucent plastic water tight roof panels let in light from above. But all panels may be closed for blackout without interrupting air circulation. The whole unit constitutes a scientific solu-, tion of atmospheric control by thermodynamic and airodynamic technique, as with stratosphere planes, rather than by heavy walls. This enables midget heating units to maintain ideal temperatures.

LEGEND

TYPICAL SOLUTION FOR

FOUR-PERSON FAMILY

legend *:

1.
COTS

On this and the following pages are shown bunk plans for single or double tiering of Dymaxion Deployment Unit where a maximum occupancy is desirable, such as in encampments of soldiers or workers who are fed and bathe at central structures and need only highly sanitary fire proof sleeping shelters, with enough additional room to stow their boxes and duffle bags. Such plans of high concentration are only sanitarily possible where air conditioning is provided as in the Dymaxion Deployment Unit.

Such plans would be suitable for city evacuations to dispersed country sites to reduce national vulnerability to air attack.

2.
DUFFLE BAGS

3.
HOOKS

4.
BENCHES

5.
STOVE

Here are the basic changes involved in converting Grain Bins into Dymaxion Deployment Units -

Figures One and Two show the roof petal and supporting ring in plan and elevation. Every other roof panel "petals-up’’ to open roof;---dr the openings are sealed against rain or snow by translucent reinforced plastic panels double hinged with outer metal panels. All roof panels are controlled by hand rod from within---this method of . daylighting provides a brilliant studio light within.

Figure Three shows the rounded hipping between side and roof panels which J reduces windage disturbance of interior temperature control to minimum. Round hip also eliminates telltale form shadow of eaves in camouflaging. Figure Four shows the novel method of snapping insulated plywood. panels into place-3/16 inch ply is used which when sprung to conform to curve of exterior metal walls holds itself snugly in place by its own end pressure against wall bolts. The whole house is bolted together or may be unbolted by two men in three hours. Hay, crumpled news paper, and other cheap insulation may easily be stuffed into space between ply and metal walls.

On the following page are shown pictures of the complete parts of the metal shell of the Pymaxion Deployment Unit nested and wired ready for shipping. A five inch stack of plywood, wire bound, and cartons containing the ventilator, top ring parts, bolts and nuts are all that are missing from these pictures. Together with the four bundles pictured they will weigh a total of about nine hundred pounds (bundled and packaged, ready to ship). One man can lift any bundle but the bundles of metal sides, roof panels, and the floor roll are best handled by two men.

.

The

Dymaxion

Deployment Unit (Sheet)

Patent Filed 3/21/41

Granted 3/7/44

March 7, 1944. r. b. fuller 2,343,764

BUILDINO CONSTRUCTION Filed March 21, 1941 10 Sheeta-Shoot 2

March 7, 1944. r. b. fuller 2,343,764

BUILDINO CONSTRUCTION Filed March 21. 1941 10 5heota-Sh«et 3

March 7, 1944.

R. B. FULLER
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Filed March 21. 1941

2,343,764

10 Shoeta-Sheet 4

March 7, 1944.

R. B. FULLER
BUILDINO CONSTRUCTION
Filed March 21. 1941

2343,764

10 Sheela-Sheet 5

INVENTOR

Richard Buckminster Fulur

March 7, 1944-

R. B. FULLER
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Filed March 21. 1941

2,343,764

10 Sheets-Sheet 6

March 7, 1944. r. b. fuller 2,343,764

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed March 21, 1941 10 Sheets-Sheet 7

March 7, 1944.

R. B. FULLER
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Filed March 21. 1941

2,343,764

10 Shoets-Sheot 8

March 7, 1944. r. _b. fuller 2,343,764

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Filed March 21. 1941 10 Sheets-Sheet 9

March 7, 1944.

2,343,764

R. B. FULLER BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed March 21, 1941

10 Sheeto-Sheot 10

Manning principle that insure healthful living environment i ’’ LIVING COND.TIONS FOR DEFENSE WORKERS

THAT ADD TO HUMAN EFFICIENCY

UNIT OF WALL LENGTH

• MAXIMUM CUIAGE WITH LEAST MATERIAL

BASIC UNIT

GROUP UNIT

’"joo.ooo HOUSES FOR INDUSTRIAL DEFENSE WORKERS ARE REQUIRED IMMEDIATELY"

C. f PALMER

DEFENSE HOUSING COORDINATOR

HANDICRAFT BUILDING METHODS HAVE FAILED BY 2,500.0001 UNITS TO MEET PEACE-TIME DEMANDS

TO MEET DEFENSE QUOTAS INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSING PRODUCTION METHODS ARE NECESSARY

SUCH METHODS ARE BEST SUITED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW EMERGENCY UNIT TO PROVIDE¹

PLANNED PERFORMANCE INDICATED

BY BASIC UNIT CHARACTERISTICS

PLANNING PRINCIPLES THAT INSURE

HEALTHFUL LIVING ENVIRONMENT

OPTIMUM LAND USE AT MINIMUM

EXPENDITURE FOR IMPROVEMENTS

WELL PLANNED COMMUNITIES AT NO

SACRIFICE OF SPEED

ADVANCED PROVISION FOR ULTIMATE

DISPOSAL OF EMERGENCY UNITS

I

THE DYMAXION DEPLOYMENT UNIT. FIRST TO B£ VOLUME-PRODUCED BY ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUE MEETS THESE REQUIREMENTS

• ATMOSPHERIC CONTROL BY THERMODYNAMIC AND AIRO- DYNAMIC TECHNIQUES

SPECIFICATION

• STRUCTURE INTEGRAL WITH COVER SECTIONS
• FINISH SHOP BAKED ZINC OXIDE ON GALVANIZED STEEL
• WEIGHT. 3200 POUNDS COMPLETE
• INSULATION r FIREPROOFED FIBRE BLANKET
• NATURAL LIGHT 60 EFFECTIVE SQ FT.
• VENTILATION 31 SQ FT ¹ ;

,rthrr«

DI RECTI OHS FOR THE ERECTION OF 18’-0" DIAMETER DYMAUOU EDUSE <

FFC - 2 1942

Read and Study those Instructions and Draningo
Before Starting ths Erection of the Houo^

DOOR FRAMEt

Th® door franc is shippod accoablod with the door 013.3., hoadoF_o otojp end insulation strips welded to the door posts.

Dotond.no at what location you wish the door. Prop or hold tho door franc in an upri^it position with the flange which is slotted facing tho inoidOo Now you are ready to bolt tho body sheets to the outside of tho flongo with ho loo to natch holos in body sheets.

BODTt

Tho body sheets are the curved corrugated ohootoo Tho ohooto aro codo in two lengths, Tho two different lengths of body sheets arc provided in ordo? that tho vortical scans nay bo staggered,

Tho house has three tiers. Each tier consists of 8 long body shoots and one short body shoot,

Tho bottom tier is 16" hi^i with a flange on the bottom edgo for tho floor to lay upon. Start tho bottom row of sheets with a long shoot to tho ri^it of tho door and a short shoot to the loft of tho door, Thooo ohooto bolt to the outside of tho flange on the door frame with l/d" s 1/2* bolts oscept whore a holo cones on top of corrugation. Use 1/4* x 1* bolt at thooo placoo. Continue tho rest of tho way around tho house with long sheeto,

Tho second tier is 82* high plain shoots • Start this rov of ohooto with a short shoot to tho right of the door and a long shoot to tho loft of tho door. Continue tho rest of the way around tho house with long shoots,

Tho top tier is 32" high with window openings at tho lower right hand corner on all long sheets. On those shoots tho punching at tho top are all spaced differently. Soo drawing 7-DH-188 for proper locations of tho shoots, ■assure first holo from end of shoot to natch dimensions shown on this drawing. Start this row of shoots with a long shoot at tho right of tho door and a short shoot at tho loft of the door, Continue tho rest of tho way around tho house with long shoots.

Be certain to stagger all vortical seams. It is of courao necessary to lap tho hi^ior tier over tho lower tier to produce a weathoi^ti ght lap.

All holos in body take 1/4" x 1/2" bolts with tho exception of tho holos which are circled on drawing 7-DB-188. Those take 1/4’’ x 1 1/4* bolts for bolting wall channels to body.

OOVERt

The cover is made up of thirty pio-ahapod sections with tho larger end curved to fasten to the body shoots. (Soo Drawing 4-DHA-158). A channel ring

32° in diameter is furnished. This is to bo placed st ths peak of the cover vith tho covor sheets bolted to the bottom leg using 1/4* x 1" bolts.

The best way to assemble this oovor is to build a center support of approximately 12*-O" high with the channel ring fastened to the top. Bolt oi£o oostion at a tine to the channel ring with 1/4° x 1" belts and to the body ohooto₀ 1/4° x 1 1/4° bolts. Bolt cover sheets together with 1/4" x 3/4* otova b©lto axcopt whore holes are circled on drawing DHA-188. Those holos toto 2/3° x 3° tealto for bolting insulation to cover. In this manner the cover 2.0 oooc^lcd in approximately its final position and it is only a matter of rais- lag of 2.©coring the channel ring to assemble the last segment.

VEDTILATOHs

Tho ventilator has been shippod knocked down. The parts are as fellows, oco droning 4«DH*»165 for tho asesmblyt

Tho outer pipe with spider, two pipe caps and pulley.

Tho shaft with two pipe caps and washer.

Tho cone with washer.

Tho screen and frame.

Tho coiling insulation collar.

Tho chain and handle.

Rxxxvo pipe cap from outer pipo at the end whore spider is welded. Peed tho chain over pulley and up through outer pipo and holo in removed cap. Fasten ©holn to shaft with stove bolt furnished. Homo to the lower pipe cap and slip shaft osd chain down through outer pipo and through holo in pipe cap at tho lower end of outer pipOo Screw pipo cap on top of outer pipo and on bottom of shaft. Before footoning chain to shaft slip shaft througi holo in center of screen. Bo certain that screen it between tho washer on tho shaft and tho outer pipe cap.

Bolt spider to cover channel ring with 1/4* x 1’’ bolts. Slip screen frtsao over tho spacers between spider and channel ring. These are slots in screen frame for this purpose.

Place cone on shaft and screw pipe eap down tightly.

Bolt oeiling insulation collar to cover channel ring with 1/4" x 1/1" bolts. There are nuts welded to channel for those bolts.

The cone can be raised to any hei^it desired for ventilation by pulling tho chain and hooking tho chain in chain clip.

WINDOW*

Tho window is shipped assembled complete. (Soo drawing 4-DHA-136 showing window assembled to body sheet.)

The window frame, screen and hood (see drawing 2-DH-148 for detail of hood), should be placed inside of flange at tho top of tho window ap»n<ng outside of flange at tho bottom of tho window opening. One #10 x 3/4* screw through holos at top of window screen and hood secures these parts to tho body shoot.

Asssove the inside collar on which tho window is hinged until all wall insulation is installed.

FLOORt

The floor consists of throo layers. The bottom layer io cndo fra standard corrugated steel sheets. The center layer is cado from 1/2" think insulation board. The top layer is made from 3/16" thick proodcood. Soo drawing 4-DHA-186 for layouts of each layer of flooring. Bo auro that all ooamo in tho floor are as shown on this drawing. All floor pieces aro cut to fit.

CKILXVGt

The celling sheets are made from light gago. orinpod sotal. Teo piocoo aro furnished for each cower sootion - ono piece for the upper part and one pio©o for the curved lower part.

Tho insulation for the ooiling is shippod in cortono = tco 15‘‘ uido by 24’-O" long shoots to each oarton. These insulation shoots should bo gluod t© the celling sheets as shown on drawing 4-DH-190 with the gluo furaiohed. Aftor securing this insulation to tho ceiling sheets* place on tho colling of tho h©uoo and fasten with insulation trip strips with tho throe long bolts in tho ©ovor₀ two in tho ooiling and one close to tho bottom of tho currod cavo. Tho drawing 7-DHA-189 shows tho coiling installed on tho inside of cover.

WALL*

Tho wall oonsists of IT panels with every other penol having a window. Those panels aro made from 3/16° wallboard with 2° rook wool insulation gluod to tho back as shown on drawing 4-DH-190. This 2" rock wool insulation io shipped in pieces 16" x 48"• Duo to shortage of material only four houooo aro furnished with full-sixo panels. The remaining six houses aro furnished with full-si so panels for window panels and two half-site panels for plain panel o.

Wall channel and insulation strips are furnished to covor go cure on tho wall as shown on drawing 7-DHA-189. These channels and strips are co cured to wall with tho two long bolts through the body sheets. Tho wallboard should lap over the coiling sheets to hide the rou^i edges.

After installing the wall panels replace the inside collar and window to tho window frame with the Bo. 10 x 3/4" metal screws.

Before installing wall panels slip tho rubber moulding on bottom of each panel. After all wall panels aro in. slip the black moulding trim strip at tho bottom of each channel to match the moulding.

CURTAIN PARTITIONED

Tho curtain ring oonsists of a pipe ring approximately B'-O" in diosoter with throe channel logs welded to tho ring. These logo are fastened to tho long bolt in cover which fastens insulation to cover. Thon bolt legs in center to tho washer on tho ventilator outer pipe using 1/4" x 1" bolts.

Tho curtains fasten to small rings on curtain ring and to tho washer in tho center. At tho curved eave place curved channel with cottar pins and fasten curtain to this channel as shown on drawing 4-DE-191. Those curtain partitions can bo placed at any position in house by shifting the curved channel to any wall channel.

Four house* are furnished with two curtain partitions and six house* aro furnished with three curtain partitions.

SHELVES AND CLOSETt

Place long shelf brackets on any channel desired and install shelf. Hang closet curtains around the shelf as shown in detail on drawing 7-DHA-189. You may place the short shelves inside of closet or at any position around the house.

AWNINGt

The awning assembly consists of a frame made from 1 1/16" diameter tubing, teo pipe sockets for ends of awning frame, and a circular canvas awning which Iqoos to the frame and door header.

Bolt pipe sockets at door frame where body sheets are bolted as shown on drawing 4-DH-191. Slip ends of pipe frame in sockets and tighten set screw. La@o awning on pipe frame and door header with laces furnished.

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTt

Install plug-in strip* around top of wall panel*• These plug-in atrip* are approximately 36’’ long and one is furnished for each panel. Fasten to wall with combination coupling and clip at every wall channel. A Rational "Plug-in" □trip catalog has been furnished with directions for installing this strip.

AIR CONDITIONING UNITs

This unit mounts on an 18" shelf just opposite the door and compressor is mounted outside of the house. For installation instructions see catalog shipped with the air-conditioning unit.

WEB MEG 1-29-42

The

Dymaxion

Deployment Unit (Frame)

Patent Filed 4/9/41

Granted 6/13/44

June 13, 1944.

2,351,419

R. B. FULLER BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 9, 1941

7 Sheets-Sheet 1

June 13, 1944. r. _b. fuller 2,351,419

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 9, 1941 7 Sheets-Sheet 2

June 13, 1944.

R. B. FULLER
BUILDING CONSTRUCT'jN
Filed April 9. 1941

2,351,419

7 Stoeto-Sbeet 3

June 13, 1944. r. _B fuller 2,351,419

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 9. 1941 7 Sheets-Sheot 4

June 13, 1944. r. _b. fuller 2,351,419

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 9. 1941 7 Shoets-Sheot 5

INVENTOR

Richard Buckminster Rid far

June 13, 1944. r. b. fuller 2,351,419

Kiiutnia CONSTRUCTION Filed April. 9. 1941 7 Sheets-Sheet 6

June 13, 1944. r. _B fuller 2,351,419

BUILDINO CONSTRUCTION Filed April 9, 1941 7 Sheets-Sheet 7

The

Wichita
house
1944-1946

The Wichita House was prompted by the dearth of low- cost housing during World War II. It was inspired by Fuller’s obsession with the design of the modem vehicle and was realized with the technology of the aircraft industry. The owners of the Beech Aircraft Company in Wichita, anticipating a reduction of business after the war, hired Fuller to design a housing unit that could be manufactured easily. It was theorized that its production would recoup the loss incurred by the decline of airplane production, as well as keep skilled metal workers in Wichita.

The Dymaxion

Dwelling Machine--- The Wichita House

The Wichita House is a cylinder with a dome suspended from a central mast, braced to the ground with metal cables and sheathed in thin aluminum sheets. The interior space is divided into rooms by light partitions that do not touch the ceiling, assisting the easy flow of fresh air coming in from below and emerging from the aerodynamic and revolving ventilator above. Although there are hundreds of metal parts for this house, none of them weigh more than ten pounds or require more than one person to assemble. Moreover, in spite of its many parts, the Wichita House can be packed and shipped in an amazingly small cylindrical container. It was estimated that the house could be sold eventually for only S6,500. which would have realized Fuller’s ideal of 1927 to sell a house at fifty cents a pound. However, its great economy was not the only factor that could ensure the successful dissemination of the Wichita House in 1946. W hether consumers would be willing to accept its elegant, aeronautical aesthetic on a daily basis was never put to the test, as the project was aborted in the development stage before it ever reached the marketplace. Even Fuller’s slightly later Airbarac version of this house---intended to attract the support of the United States Government---did not make an everyday reality of this precocious domestic experiment. The reluctance of the bankers and the Federal Government to fund the project prompted Fuller’s further researches into the geometry of tension and compression that gave rise to the great geodesic domes of the fifties and sixties.

HOUSES AT 50/ A LB.-EO.B. WIGHT. A

This isn’t merely the grimmest housing crisis in history; it’s the signal for one of the greatest industrial adventures of all time. Not since the Towel of Babel has there been a building project of such magnificent Aspirations. Because of it, FORTUNE has devoted its entire April issue to the single subject of Housing.

By far the lioldcst man to accept the challenge is Buckminster .Fuller, whose Dymaxion car pioneered the streamlining of auto- mobiles, and whose Dymaxion house at 50c a lb. has made Wichita the Kitty Hawk of industrialized housing. And the eventual triumph of mass production over industry’s sole anachronism will come only through the genius and courage of housing adventurers like Bucky Fuller.*

*.S7« • A’- '• r « p. :•EnRTVNf, Apn^f, 191*

j Throughout the nation, there are Fullers at work in even' industry. Not all, not even most, are men of science. They are simply men and women who recognize in this age the chance for an industrialized civilization that is truly civilized.

To write the story is an inspiring assignment for any magazine. It is one for which Fortune has spent 16 years in preparation. To its 230,000 subscribers and its million or more readers---leaders of American industry, in whose hands the control of progress is largely concentrated --- Fortune brings each month a unique kind of enlightenment. Fortune dramatizes for its Management readership the broad issue, the new science, the applied technique, and tells in exciting detail the story of the industries, the corporations, and th'' men who are the pioneers in this Great Adventure.

Fortune

A P R I I. • 1 9 i «

Standard

Version 1945-1946

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THE W ICHITA HOUSE 261

THE WICHITA HOL-E 265

AUTSOE

L MOLES

-No. PART< feOuiRED

NG Na

DY MAXION DWELLING MACHINES, INC.

DS-^.~X»^R~ ^BUCXMI1SIST^^R FULLER - CHIEF ENGINEER

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DATE

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REVISION DATE

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SCHEDULE

WEIGHT EACH ---------

SPECIFICATIONS

TTfJLXfc ANGLE

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CONO A

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rAN345-4\G NUT 20 REQ.

SCAL^: FUL-L3VZ-E

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DYMAXION DWELLING MACHINES INC.

R. BUCKMIM 'TSR TJi VR - C!li<F ENGINEi R

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PART OR ASSY. No.

DATE

BY EA NO. ;

AUTHORIZED BY

REVISION DATE

• - \

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2 HOLES

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SCALE. - FULL SYZ.E

THE WICHITA HOUSE 269

A

CKCKED by

m-e

dy Maxion dwelling machines inc

"TER FULLER - CHTF ENG'HE- R

OOVWUINQ GJOR.E

PART OR ASSY. No'

^CATE 12.-5 -45

EX NO

^othoried

No"p

PECIFICATION3

rv SHLtr i mild */a * ValoHfr I ST&B.L

REWSICN DATE

l-Zo-4fc

SCHEDULE

M ‘‘WEIGHT EACH

nvs. no

ms

M- no

LUJK- CAKLlUo V/' KlUo

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■ F

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No. PARTS REQUIRED

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L-o»-oce»t

DRILLIzf? 5 HOLES

DYMAXION DWELLING MACHINES, INC.

R. B"W'?T5R FJ' ‘.PR _ Ci -F FNG‘‘J.- R

^1!BY

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SPECIFICATIONS

3TI S^t R-r

PART"CR ASSY. No.

G*-O4 - OCIOC

DATE

S C H E D ’.i l E • . Kt.

Airbarac

Version

1946

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OP TNE. DfMAXI ON AlRAARAS AND TNC QUONSET NUT

M AWK fMCit94 7*5

/xaec rn^TM-Ps. nzsa^mf ? n>a Mner*r mmw oo mt.

_s ---

I

DYMAXION OWtLUNG MACHINES, INC.
R. BUCKMISTER FULLER - CHIEF ENGINEER