109.00 Chrome-Nickel-Steel

109.01 Synergy alone explains metals increasing their strengths. All alloys are synergetic. Chrome-nickel-steel has an extraordinary total behavior. In fact, it is the high cohesive strength and structural stability of chrome-nickel-steel at enormous temperatures that has made possible the jet engine. The principle of the jet was invented by the squid and the jellyfish long ago. What made possible man’s use of the jet principle was his ability to concentrate enough energy and to release it suddenly enough to give him tremendous thrust. The kinds of heat that accompany the amount of energies necessary for a jet to fly would have melted all the engines of yesterday. Not until you had chrome-nickel-steel was it possible to make a successful jet engine, stable at the heats involved. The jet engine has changed the whole relationship of man to the Earth. And it is a change in the behavior of the whole of man and in the behavior of whole economics, brought about by synergy.

109.02 In chrome-nickel-steel, the primary constituents are iron, chromium, and nickel. There are minor constituents of carbon, manganese, and others. It is a very popular way of thinking to say that a chain is no stronger than its weakest link. That seems to be very logical to us. Therefore, we feel that we can predict things in terms of certain minor constituents of wholes. That is the way much of our thinking goes. If I were to say that a chain is as strong as the sum of the strengths of its links, you would say that is silly. If I were to say that a chain is stronger than the sum of the strengths of all of its links, you might say that that is preposterous. Yet that is exactly what happens with chrome-nickel-steel. If our regular logic held true, then the iron as the weakest part ought to adulterate the whole: since it is the weakest link, the whole thing will break apart when the weakest link breaks down. So we put down the tensile strength of the commercially available ironthe highest that we can possibly accredit is about 60,000 pounds per square inch (p.s.i.); of the chromium it is about 70,000 p.s.i.; of the nickel it is about 80,000 p.s.i. The tensile strengths of the carbon and the other minor constituents come to another 50,000 p.s.i. Adding up all the strengths of all the links we get 260,000 p.s.i. But in fact the tensile strength of chrome-nickel-steel runs to about 350,000 p.s.i. just as a casting. Here we have the behavior of the whole completely unpredicted by the behavior of the parts.

109.03 The augmented coherence of the chrome-nickel-steel alloy is accounted for only by the whole complex of omnidirectional, intermass attractions of the crowded-together atoms. The alloy chrome-nickel-steel provides unprecedented structural stability at super-high temperatures, making possible the jet engineone of the reasons why the relative size of our planet Earth, as comprehended by humans, has shrunk so swiftly. The performance of the alloy demonstrates that the strength of a chain is greater than the sum of the strengths of its separate links. Chrome-nickel-steel’s weakest part does not adulterate the whole, allowing it to be “dissolved” as does candy when the sugar dissolves. Chains in metal do not occur as open-ended lines. In the atoms, the ends of the chains come around and fasten the ends together, endlessly, in circular actions. Because atomic circular chains are dynamic, if one link breaks, the other mends itself.

109.04 When we break one link of a circular chain continuity, it is still one piece of chain. And because atomic circular chains are dynamic, while one link is breaking, the other is mending itself. Our metal chains, like chrome-nickel-steel alloys, are also interweaving spherically in a number of directions. We find the associated behaviors of various atoms complementing each other, so that we are not just talking about one thing and another one thing, but about a structural arrangement of the atoms in tetrahedral configurations.

image

Fig. 109.04A.

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1 positive tetrahedron

1 negative

= 1 stable cube

Fig. 109.04B.

110.00 We take one tetrahedron and associate it with another tetrahedron. Each of the two tetrahedra has four faces, four vertexes, and six edges. We interlock the two tetrahedra, as illustrated, so that they have a common center of gravity and their two sets of four vertexes each provide eight vertexes for the corners of a cube. They are interpositioned so that the vertexes are evenly spaced from each other in a symmetrical arrangement as a structurally stable cube.

111.00 Each of those vertexes was an energy star. Instead of two separate tetrahedra of four stars and four stars we now have eight stars symmetrically equidistant from the same center and from each other. All the stars are nearer to each other. There are eight stars in the heavens instead of four. Not only that, but each star now has three stars nearer to it than the old stars used to be. The stars therefore interattract one another gravitationally in terms of the second power of their relative proximityin accordance with Newton’s law of gravity. As the masses are getting closer to each other, synergy is increasing their power of interattraction very rapidly.

112.00 The distance between the stars is now in terms of the leg instead of the hypotenuse. The second power of the hypotenuse is equal to the sums of the second powers of the legs, so we suddenly discover how very much more of an attraction there is between each star to make each one more cohesive in the second power augmentation. There was no such augmentation predicted by the first power addition. Thus, it is no surprise to discover that the close interassociation of the energy stars gives us a fourfolding of the tensile strength of our strongest component of the alloy chrome-nickel-steel of 350,000 p.s.i. in relation to nickel’s 80,000 p.s.i. Gravity explains why these metals, when in proper association, develop such extraordinary coherence, for we are not really dealing in a mystery outside of the fact that we are dealing in the mystery of how there happened to be gravity and how there happened to be Universe. How there happened to be Universe is certainly a great mysterythere is no question about that but we are not dealing with any miracle here outside of the fact that Universe is a miracle.

113.00 When we take two triangles and add one to the other to make the tetrahedron, we find that one plus one equals four. This is not just a geometrical trick; it is really the same principle that chemistry is using inasmuch as the tetrahedra represent the way that atoms cohere. Thus we discover synergy to be operative in a very important way in chemistry and in all the composition of the Universe. Universe as a whole is behaving in a way that is completely unpredicted by the behavior of any of its parts. Synergy reveals a grand strategy of dealing with the whole instead of the tactics of our conventional educational system, which starts with parts and elements, adding them together locally without really understanding the whole.

114.00 It is a corollary of synergy (see Sec. 140) that once you start dealing with the known behavior of the whole and the known behavior of some of the parts, you will quite possibly be able to discover the unknown parts. This strategy has been usedin rare breakthroughsvery successfully by man. An example of this occurred when the Greeks developed the law of the triangle: the sum of the angles is always 180 degrees, and there are six parts (three edges and three vertexes forming three angles); thus the known behavior of the whole and the known behavior of two of the parts may give you a clue to the behavior of the other part.

115.00 Newton’s concept of gravity also gave him the behavior of the whole. Other astronomers said that if he were right, they should be able to explain the way the solar system is working. But when they took the masses of the known planets and tried to explain the solar system, it didn’t work out. They said you need two more planets, but we don’t have them. There are either two planets we cannot see or Newton is wrong. If he was right, someday an astronomer with a powerful telescope would be able to see sufficient distance to pick up two more planets of such and such a size. In due course, they were found. The known behavior of the whole explained in terms of gravity and the known behavior of some of the parts permitted the prediction of the behavior of some of the other at that time unknownparts.

116.00 Physicists had predicated their grand strategies upon the experience of trying to make something like a perpetual motion machine. They found that all local machines always had friction, therefore energies were always going out of the system. They call that entropy: local systems were always losing energy to the rest of the Universe. When the physicists began to look at their total experience instead of at just one of their experiences, they found that while the energy may escape from one system, it does not go out of the Universe. It could only disassociate in one place by associating in another place. They found that this was experimentally true, and finally, by the mid-19th century, they dared to develop what they called the Law of Conservation of Energy, which said that no energy could be created and no energy could be lost. Energy is finite. Physical Universe is finite. Physical Universe is just as finite as the triangle of 180 degrees.

117.00 Dealing with a finite whole in terms of our total experience has taught us that there are different kinds of frequencies and different rates of reoccurrence of events. Some events reoccur very rapidly. Some are large events, and some small events. In a finite Universe of energy, there is only so much energy to expend. If we expend it all in two big booms, they are going to be quite far apart:

boom boom

Given the same finite amount of time, we could alternatively have a great many very small booms fairly close together:

boom boom boom boom

In others words, we can take the same amount of copper and make a propeller with just two blades, with three smaller blades, or with four much smaller blades. That is, we can with the same amount of copper invest the whole in higher frequency and get smaller wavelength. This is the quantum in wave mechanics; it is a most powerful tool that men have used to explore the nucleus of the atom, always assuming that 100 percent of the behaviors must be accounted for. We are always dealing with 100 percent finite. Experiment after experiment has shown that if there was something like .000172 left over that you could not account for, you cannot just dismiss it as an error in accounting. There must be some little energy rascal in there that weighs .000172. They finally gave it a name, the “whatson.” And then eventually they set about some way to trap it in order to observe it. It is dealing with the whole that makes it possible to discover the parts. That is the whole strategy of nuclear physics.