414.00 Nucleus

414.01 In closest packing of equiradius spheres, a nucleus by definition must be tangentially and symmetrically surrounded. This means that there must be a ball in every possible tangential and optically direct angular relationship to the nucleus. This does not happen with the first layer of 12 balls or with the second layer of 42 balls. Not until the third layer of 92 balls is added are all the tangential spaces filled and all the optically direct angles of nuclear visibility intercepted. We then realize a nucleus.[^9]

414.02 It will also be discovered that the third layer of 92 spheres contains eight new potential nuclei; however, these do not become realized nuclei until each has two more layers enveloping itone layer with the nucleus in it and two layers enclosing it. Three layers are unique to each nucleus. This tells us that the nuclear group with 92 spheres in its outer, or third, layer is the limit of unique, closest-packed symmetrical assemblages of unit wavelength and frequency. These are nuclear symmetry systems.

414.03 It is characteristic of a nucleus that it has at least two surrounding layers in which there is no nucleus showing, i.e., no potential. In the third layer, however, eight potential nuclei show up, but they do not have their own three unique layers to realize them. So the new nuclei are not yet realized, they are only potential.

413.04 The nucleus ball is always two balls, one concave and one convex. The two balls have a common center. Hydrogen’s one convex proton contains its own concave nucleus.