41920-Elemental-Identification-of-First-and-Second-Shell

419.20 Elemental Identification of First and Second Shell

419.21 The outer layer of the vector equilibrium aggregates always equals the shell wave frequencies to the second power times 10 plus two. The sum of all the layers equals the number of neutrons of the elements, and the outer layer is always complemented by an equal number of active nucleons, which, if added to the sum of the previously encompassed neutron layer, equals the isotope number.

419.22 The omnidirectional closest packing of spheres in all six symmetrical conformations of the primitive hierarchy of polyhedra probably provides models for all the chemical elements in a hierarchy independent of size in which the sum of the spheres in all the layers and the nuclear sphere equals the most prominent number of neutrons, and the number in the outer layer alone equals the number of protons of each atom. In the VE symmetry of layer growth the sum of the spheres is one and the outer layer is one: the initial sphere represents the element hydrogen, with the atomic number 1, having one neutron and one proton. The second VE assembly layer, magnesium, with the atomic number 12, has 12 protons and 24 neutrons. The third layer, molybdenum, with the atomic number 42, has 42 protons and a majority of 54 neutrons. The fourth layer, uranium, with the atomic number 92, has 92 protons and an isotopal majority of 146 neutrons. (Compare Secs. 986.770 and 1052.32.)

419.23 Table: Number of Protons and Neutrons in Magnesium, Molybdenum, and Uranium

+:------------------+:-------------+:------------+
| Element Protons | Neutrons | Abundance |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| Hydrogen 1 | + 1 = 2 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| Magnesium 12 | + 12 =24 | % |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 12 | + 13 =25 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 12 | + 14 =26 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| Molybdenum. 42 | + 52 =94 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 42 | + 53 =95 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 42 | + 54 =96 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 42 | + 55 =97 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 42 | + 56 =98 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| Uranium 92 | + 142 = 234 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 92 | + 143 =235 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| > 92 | + 146 =238 | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+
| | | |
±------------------±-------------±------------+

419.30 Closest-sphere-packing Analogy to Atomic Structure: In 1978 Philip Blackmarr, a student of synergetics from Pasadena, proposed a novel analogy of closest-sphere-packing geometry to electron-proton-neutron interrelationships and atomic structure. He took note of the following four facts;

In the closest packing of unit radius spheres each spheric and interspheric space domain is equally and symmetrically embraced by allspace-filling rhombic dodecahedra. (Sec. 426.20.)
The concentrically embracing shells of the vector equilibrium have a successive population growth rate of 10F^{2}+ 2, resulting in 12 spheres in the first layer, 42 in the second, 92 in the third, and 162 in the fourth. (See Chart 415.03.)
In the concentric successive shells of closest-packed spheres a new nucleus does not appear until the fifth frequencythe fifth shell layer. (Secs. 414 and 415.30.)
The ratio of the electron mass to the proton mass is 1 : 1836. (Sec. 433.02.)

image NUCLEUS

1^st SHELL OF 12 SPHERES

Fig. 419.30 Realized Nucleus Appears at Fifth Shell Layer: In concentric closest packing of successive shell layers potential nuclei appear at the third shell layer, but they are not realized until surrounded by two shells at the fifth layer.

2^nd SHELL OF 42 SPHERES

3^rd SHELL OF 92 SPHERES

4^th SHELL OF 162 SPHERES

5^th SHELL OF 252 SPHERES

Bearing those four facts in mind Blackmarr employed a symmetrical four- shell aggregate of 308 rhombic dodecahedra to represent the total allspace-filling domains of the 308 spheres of the maximum limit nuclear domain. He then intuitively divided the number 1836 by 6, the latter being the volume of the rhombic dodecahedron in respect to the volume of the tetrahedron as one. The number 1836 /6 = 306 becomes significant as it represents the total number of neutron spheric domains in the vector equilibrium concentric shell packingless the number two of their integral number to serve as poles of the axis of spin of the symmetrical system. The spheres in the successive shell layers, 42, 92, 162add up to 308; 308 - 2 = 306. (Compare Sec. 418.)

419.31 Blackmarr then hypothetically identified the electron as the volume of the unit-vector-edge tetrahedron as ratioed to the volume of the four-frequency vector equilibrium, representing a symmetrical and “solid” agglomeration of 308 rhombic dodecahedra (with two of the outer-layer rhombic dodecahedra assigned to serve as the symmetrically opposite poles of the system’s axis of spin), or of 308 unit-radius spheres and their interspaces. This evidences that the space filled by the 308 rhombic dodecahedra is the maximum, cosmic-limit, unit-vector, symmetrical polyhedral space occupiable by a single nucleus.

419.32 /

The volume of the ELECTRON /The volume of the rhombic- 1 /

(which is that of one regular vector/ dodecahedron-composed four-fre- = / edged negative tetrahedron) / quency VECTOR EQUILIBRIUM / 1836

The volume of the POSITRON / The volume of the rhombic- 1 /

(which is that of one regular vector-/ dodecahedron-composed four-fre- = /

edged positive tetrahedron) / quency VECTOR EQUILIBRIUM /1836

419.33 Here is an elegant realization that two spheres of the outer-layer spheres (or rhombic dodecahedra) of the symmetrical system have to serve as the polar axis of the system spin. (See Secs. 223 and 1044.)

419.34 Thus by experimental evidence we may identify the electron with the volume of the regular, unit-vector-radius-edge tetrahedron, the simplest symmetrical structural system in Universe. We may further identify the electron tetrahedra with the maximum possible symmetrical aggregate of concentrically-packed, unit-radius spheres symmetrically surrounding a single nucleusthere being 12 new potential nuclei appearing in the three-frequency shell of 92 spheres, which three-frequency shell, when surroundingly embraced by the four-frequency shell of 162 spheres, buries the 12 candidate new nuclei only one shell deep, whereas qualifying as full-fledged nuclei in their own right requires two shells all around each, which 12, newborn nuclei event calls for the fifth-frequency shell of 252 spheres.

419.35 Together with the closest-packed spheres of the outer layer of the icosahedron of frequencies 1 and 4 (and of the outer layers of the closest-packed spheres of the oneand only onenucleus-embracing, symmetrically and closest-packed, unit-radius sphere aggregates in the form of the octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron, rhombic triacontahedron, and enenicontahedron) as well as the already identified four-frequency vector equilibrium, the rhombic dodecahedron is the maximum nuclear domain within which the pretime-size set of chemical-element-forming atoms’ proton-neutron-and-electron interrelationship events can and may occur.

419.36 All of the foregoing is to say that the size of one spinnable proton consisting of 308 rhombic dodeca closest packed in the symmetrical form of the four-frequency vector equilibrium is 1836 times the size of one prime, pre-time-size, prefrequency, unit-vector-edge tetrahedron or of one electron. Multiplication only by division means that the time-size frequencies of the elements (other than hydrogen) occur as various concentric-shell symmetry phases of the single-nucleus-embracing, symmetrically closest-packed, single nucleus aggregates in the multiconcentric-layered forms of the vector equilibrium, tetrahedron, octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron, rhombic triacontahedron, and cube.

419.37 Synergetics has long associated the electron with the icosahedron. Icosahedra cannot accommodate concentric shells; they occur as single-layer shells of closest-packed, unit-radius spheres. Since the proton has only the outer shell count, it may be identified with the icosa phase by having the total volume of the rhombic-dodecahedron-composed four-frequency vector equilibrium transformed from the 306 (non-axial) nucleon rhombic dodecahedron into each of the closest-packed, single-layer icosahedra shells as an emitted wave entity. The rhombic dodecahedron neutrons are packed into concentric layers of the vector equilibria to produce the various isotopes. For example:

+:-------------+:--------------------------+
| VE f¹ - | = 12 neutrons |
| | |
| VE f² | = 42 |
| | |
| VE f³ = | = 92 |
| | |
| | 146 neutrons in Uranium |
±-------------±--------------------------+
| Icosa f³ - | = 92 protons |
| | |
| | (238 nucleons in Uranium) |
±-------------±--------------------------+

92 Tetra = 92 electrons in Uranium